Using a cluster sampling method, a group of menopausal women from three geographic areas in Tehran were asked to participate in the study. Demographic data was obtained using a questionnaire. Subjects were than referred to perform bone mass densitometry (BMD). The relationship between various variables (i.e. age of menarche, number of years of endogenous estrogen exposure,...) with mineral density of the lumbar spine and femur were sought. Results showed that the incidence of bone loss during menopause was high among these women. Earlier age of menarche and longer reproductive years, higher BMI, previous usage of OCP and HRT are likely to increase BM. Being active at home and doing household chores can greatly influence the BMD of the femur. Poor dietary calcium intake may be the main reason for low BMD among the studied subjects.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a frequent complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and longitudinal studies have documented increased rate of bone loss in RA patients. To determine the frequency of low bone mass as well as the influence of disease duration and corticosteroid use on bone mass in patients with RA, 88 patients with RA and 112 age matched controls were studied. Bone densitometry was performed by a single dual X-ray absorptiometry equipment in the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN). The mean age of patients and controls were 52.6 and 54.6 years, respectively. The mean disease duration was 7.0 years and 79.5% of patients were taking 5.0 mg prednisolone daily for a mean period of 4.6 years. At the FN, 45% of patients had OP compared to 30.4% in the controls (P < 0.05). At the LS the frequency of OP in patients was non-significantly lower than in the controls. OP was more frequent in corticosteroids treated patients compared to non-corticosteroids treated patients both at the FN (43.5% vs 39%) and LS (26% vs 22%) but the differences were not significant. Disease duration longer than 10 years in comparison to disease duration of less than two years was associated with bone mineral density change of -10.9% at the FN (P = 0.05) and -10.4% at the LS (P not significant). The results of this study indicate that a significant proportion of patients with RA have OP at the FN and LS, and disease duration longer than 10 years is associated with a significant increase in bone loss.

Introduction: Osteomalacia, particularly in its mild and early stages, may be misdiagnosed as only osteopenia or osteoporosis. Our purpose was to determine the amount of bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with osteomalacia and to evaluate the efficiency of bone densitometry in suspicion of osteomalacia.Methods: BMD (gm/cm2) at the lumbar vertebrae (L2-L4) and femoral neck were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (LUNAR-DPXIQ machine) in 20 patients with osteomalacia (16 females and 4 males, age range 20 to 60 years, mean 39.4 year), and their T scores were evaluated according to WHO criteria.Results: Mean T score at lumbar vertebrae was -3.005±1.28, with 70% osteoporosis (T≤ -2.5). Mean T score at femoral neck was -3.009±1.34, with 60% osteoporosis.50% of patients had T≤-3.Conclusions: Osteoporosis may be detected in 70% of patients with Osteomalacia. Middle aged individuals with significant osteoporosis (T≤-3) should be evaluated for osteomalacia, beside other causes of secondary osteoporosis.

Background and Method: Psoriasis is one of the most common skin diseases. For the first time in Iran, we conducted a case-control study to evaluate bone mineral density in patients with psoriasis vulgaris in comparison with a healthy control group (20 individuals in each group). Our study sample included patients referred to the dermatology clinic of Razi Hospital in Ghaemshahr, Iran, between May and October 2019. Densitometry was performed by the DEXA method on the 2nd to 4th lumbar vertebrae and hip bone. Patients’,demographic information and Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) scores were recorded and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: The mean T-score in the case and control groups were-0. 47 ±,1. 04 and-0. 19 ±,0. 45, respectively (P = 0. 274). The mean T-score had a significant inverse correlation with an age of 40 years or above (r =-0. 873 and P < 0. 001), disease duration of more than five years (r =-0. 599, P = 0. 05), and PASI score (r =-0. 523, P = 0. 001), but had a positive correlation with sunlight exposure (r = 0. 581, P < 0. 001). Conclusion: Considering the decrease in bone density in patients with psoriasis and its relationship with the disease severity and duration and the effectiveness of sunlight in increasing bone density, preventive treatment should be provided for all patients to increase bone density and prevent osteoporosis.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic bone disease is a common disease in the pet reptiles. Early diagnosis of this disease has an important role in the treatment and prevention from complications. Since metabolic bone diseases causes bone density to decrease, it is assumed the CT scan can be used as a suitable method to diagnosis early changes in the bone density. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was providing a range of cortical and trabecular Hounsfield Numbers of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in the healthy green iguana by the aid of computed tomography which can be used as a reference. METHODS: Twelve healthy green iguanas were included in this study and based on the body length were divided into three groups. Complete information about maintenance including maintaining environment and nutrition conditions were recorded in questionnaires designed for this study. Lateral and dorsoventral radiographs were obtained using digital radiology to confirm the health of the skeletal system. To achieve CT plans, the animals were restricted by warping method. After obtaining topogram, with the aid of Osteo Protocol, cross sectional images were acquired from random thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. CT images were subsequently evaluated in Syngo MMWP VE40A Medical Software. The results were analyzed using SPSS statistic software. RESULTS: According to statistic results, the mean Hounsfield Number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were presented due to the body length of the green iguana. Since the cortical bone density of lumbar vertebrae in all three groups varied meaningfully and only variable “ body length” was considered influential on cortical mineral bone density of lumbar vertebrae. Cortical bone density of lumbar vertebrae can be used as a reference for detecting the early bone density changes in green iguana. CONCLUSIONS: Computed tomography can be an excellent alternative for early detection of the MBD in pet green iguanas.

Background: Menopause is one of the steps in women’s life which accompany with a lot of problems Which the most common of is osteoporosis. This study was designed to assess the comparative effects on osteoporosis of tibolone in postmenopausal healthy women. Tibolone is a synthetic steroid with estrogenic, progestogenic and androgenic properties.Methods: Eighty seven women aged 45-64 years were randomly assigned to two groups: 49 women received 2/5 mg tibolone plus Calcium-D daily and 38 other received only Calcium-D daily. At baseline and 6 months of treatment we measured bone turn-over marker (serum ALP and urinary Ca/Cr ratio). Bone mineral density was measured in the spine and neck of femur by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at baseline and 9 months of treatment.Findings: Serum ALP decreased and urinary Ca/Cr ratio also increased significantly in those taking tibolone. Also, T-score, Z-score and BMD increased significantly in the spine and femur in those taking tibolone. No significant change in the T-score, Z-score and BMD of the either spine or the femur was observed in the control group. Also, there was no significant change in serum ALP and urinary Ca/Cr ratio in them. A significant difference in the increase of T-score, Z-score and BMD of the spine and femur between the different treatment groups was observed in favor of those taking tibolone compared to women who received only Calcium-D. Also, there was a significant difference in the increase of urinary Ca/Cr ratio and decrease in serum ALP in tibolone group to Calcium-D one.Conclusion: Tibolone has beneficial effects on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers.

Bakground and Objective: Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration (BMD) of bone tissue. This leads to increased bone fragility and risk of fracture, particularly of the hip, spine and wrist.This study was performed to assess the relation between calcium intake and bone densitometry values.Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study to verify the relation between BMD and calcium intake. The study was carried out on 250 women who did not have the history of any metabolic diseases or estroidal intake were enroled in this study. The individuals were matched for sex, age, BMI and hormonal intake. Data were obtained using a two part questionaire containing demographic information and a table of consumed daily food including the amount of daily calcium intake. The optimal calcium intake 1200 mg/day and in bone mineral densitometry, t score <1SD was considered as osteopenia and t score <2/5 SD was defined as osteoporosis. Data were analysed by chisquare test, Mann-Witney and Kruskal-Wallis test.Results: Although most of patients were in post menopausal stage (56.4%) but daily calcium intake of 89.3% of them was lower than 1200 mg. Positive significant relation between daily calcium intake and education was obtained (p=0.02), wheras, in housewife womens, there were low calcium product in daily dietary intake. There was a significant realation between bone density values of hip and lumboscral area and the daily calcium intake (p<0.05).Conclusion: Acording to the results of this research and due to the effects of calcium effects intake on bone density and prevention of osteoporosis in elderly stage, we suggest wide teaching and information in general papulation with aim of improving dietry calcium